Estonian Citizenship by Descent

It is possible for people with Estonian ancestry to become citizens of Estonia based on their familial connections to the country through the process of “Estonian citizenship by descent.” Generally speaking, if a person was born to stateless parents who were living in Estonia at the time of their birth or if they had at least one parent who was an Estonian citizen at the time of their birth, they are eligible for citizenship in Estonia by descent.

Who is eligible?

• Be born to parents who were either Estonian citizens at the time of their birth, or who were either stateless and living in Estonia at the time of their birth
• possess a solid command of the Estonian language, which is typically proven by succeeding on a test of linguistic ability. However, applicants under the age of 15 or those unable to learn the language because of a physical or mental impairment may have this requirement waived
• Be of good character, with no criminal record or other activities that would make the individual a threat to Estonia’s national security or public order
• Have a legal basis for residing in Estonia, such as a permanent residence permit or a long-term visa

The Process

1. Determine eligibility: Check whether you meet the eligibility requirements for Estonian citizenship by descent, including having at least one parent who was an Estonian citizen at the time of your birth or being born to stateless parents who were residents of Estonia at the time of your birth
2. Gather documents: Collect all required documents, such as your birth certificate, your parent’s or grandparent’s Estonian passport or other proof of citizenship, and language proficiency certificates
3. Submit an application: Submit your application for Estonian citizenship by descent to the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board (PPA) either in person or by post. The application form and guidelines can be found on the PPA website
4. Attend an interview: You may be required to attend an interview with a PPA officer to answer questions about your background and your connection to Estonia
5. Wait for processing: The processing time for Estonian citizenship by descent applications can vary but can take several months. You may be asked to provide additional documents or information during the processing time
6. Receive a decision: If your application is approved, you will receive a decision letter from the PPA, and you will be invited to take an oath of allegiance at a ceremony. After taking the oath, you will be granted Estonian citizenship and issued an Estonian passport